Accurate phylogenetic trees are fundamental to evolutionary and comparative biology, but the almost simultaneous emergence of major animal phyla and diverse body plans during the Cambrian Explosion poses major challenges to reconstructing deep metazoan phylogenetic relationships.
Information Microbiome research has revolutionized our understanding of microbial communities and their impact on various scientific disciplines, including environmental protection, disease prevention, and water pollution monitoring.
The fall armyworm (FAW), scientifically known as Spodoptera frugiperda, has long posed a threat to the global agricultural sector due to its insatiable appetite for crops. Originating from the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, FAW is notorious for damaging over 350 plant species, including staples such as corn, rice, and wheat.
This paper summarizes the health effects of fossil fuel-driven air pollution and climate change on children and the consequent effect on human capital stemming from these early health damages.
The aquatic ecosystem functioning is at risk of being disrupted by the stoichiometric mismatch between phytoplankton and zooplankton.
Non-Hermitian systems with their spectral degeneracies known as exceptional points (EPs) have been explored for lasing, controlling light transport, and enhancing a sensor’s response. However, a conventional way of achieving EPs on the resonator utilizing two nano-tips can cause resonance stability problems and additional loss.
Controllable deformations introduced in periodic structures may lead to appearance of disclinations and open new routes for construction of higher-order topological insulators with various discrete rotational symmetries, which were observed so far only in linear regime.
Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) have drawn interest in recent years and extensively used in many applications to include the most important - optical communication. Unquestionably optical quantum information applications such as quantum key distribution also drive that trend putting severe requirements on detector performance. Towards this goal the authors showed the evolution and the recent development of AIIIBV, AIIBVI and potential alternative - “third wave” superlattices and 2D materials APDs.
High-brightness femtosecond laser sources with large spectral coverage are indispensable tools that enable optical spectroscopy to simultaneously resolve the ultrafast dynamics of multiple physical, chemical, and biological processes of a sample.
Electro-optic modulators (EOMs) translating elcetrical signals into optical domains are indispensable elements in modern optical communications.
A Fabry-Perot (F-P) based phase demodulation of heterodyne light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (H-LITES) is demonstrated. The vibration of quartz tuning fork (QTF) was detected by using F-P interferometer (FPI) to avoid the thermal noise. Given that FPI is vulnerable to disturbance, a phase demodulation method is employed in H-LITES. This new method of phase demodulation is structurally simple and was found to be resistant to interference from light sources and the surroundings using the LITES technique.
Metalens plays an essential role in the optical interconnection of photonic integrated circuits. However, the traditional design method of metalens ignores the coupling between unit cell structures, resulting in errors between the actual and the ideal phase distribution. Scientists from China proposed an on-chip metalens design method based on topology optimization, with the optimized free-form metalens achieving efficient optical interconnections between waveguide devices with large width scaling ratios.
Polygonatum sibiricum belongs to the Asparagaceae family and has been lauded for its array of physiological benefits.
ASD, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, is known to be linked to altered brain development. However, precise markers that can accurately diagnose ASD at the individual level have been elusive.
A single two-terminal self-powered and broadband opto-sensor based on multilayer γ-InSe flakes was developed and exhibits good human-eye-like adaptation behaviors, including broadband light-sensing image adaptation (from ultraviolet to near-infrared), near-complete photosensitivity recovery (99.6%), and synergetic visual adaptation.
The Bessel beam provided by the existing approaches cannot support long-range sensing. Here, we propose a integrated silicon photonic chip with concentrically-distributed grating arrays to generate the Bessel-Gaussian beam with a long distance.
In a ground-breaking first, researchers have obtained the stress and energy criterion and corresponding analytical solution of rockburst occurrence and succeed to assess rock burst risk and guide to prevent the geohazard.
In this paper, we propose a shearography phase-extraction method based on windowed Fourier ridges, which can effectively extract phase information even in the presence of severe spectrum overlapping. A simple and efficient method was applied to determine the parameters of the windowed Fourier ridges, and a linear variation window was used to match the phase-extraction requirements for different spectrum coordinates.
A new genomic study conducted by researchers on schistosomiasis-associated colorectal cancer (SA-CRC) provides critical insights into the unique mutational landscape and the potential treatment pathways for the disease. SA-CRC, linked to chronic inflammation caused by schistosomal ova deposition in the intestine, presents different epidemiological and clinical outcomes than sporadic colorectal cancer (S-CRC).
Metal-halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) feature comprehensive advantages of wide color gamut, high luminescence efficiency and low-cost synthesis. PeLEDs are thus considered the promising photonic source for next-generation display applications. In this review, scientists from Nankai University discuss the key technical bottlenecks in PeLEDs for commercial display applications. These include large-area PeLEDs preparation, PeLEDs' patterning strategies, and flexible PeLED devices.
Due to the poor chemical stability of the perovskite materials in the polar solvent, the most commonly used photolithography and etching techniques for patterning the single crystal arrays are highly incompatible with perovskite materials. To solve this problem, scientists in China invented a one-step space confinement and antisolvent-assisted crystallization (SC-ASC) method that enables the controlled fabrication of high-quality single crystal arrays on various substrates.
Conventional artificial-intelligence vision technology uses separate sensing, computing, and storage units to process vision data. The frequent movement of redundant data between sensors, processors and memory results in high power consumption and latency. Scientists in China designed a novel device, in which photoexcited carriers and ion migration are coupled, that can store and read the tunable short-circuit photocurrent in a non-volatile mode. This new concept of device enables all-in-one sensing-memory-computing approaches for neuromorphic vision hardware.
Distributed fiber-optic sensing (DFOS) as a precise real-time monitoring technique are in high demand for various industrial applications. Scientists in China proposed a hybrid DFOS system by integrating Rayleigh Brillouin and Raman scattering from an optical fiber in a simplified way, which can significantly reduce the cost and system complexity compared with the three sets of conventional independent systems. It is particularly suitable for long-distance distributed sensing applications which requires simultaneous measurements of multiple parameters.
The researchers demonstrated that glucokinase activation was effective in lowering blood glucose in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity, while it potentially raised the risk of increasing hepatic lipid accumulation that triggered the PERK-UPR pathway. Thus, this study provides clinical reference and theoretical basis for the application of glucokinase activator (GKA) in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (or combined with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).
The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) has been a game-changer in the fight against environmental pollution and climate change, both in the Arctic region and on a global scale. Established in 1991 under the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS), AMAP has played a pivotal role in monitoring and assessing pollution in the Arctic, with a special emphasis on its impact on indigenous populations.
A recent study led by Southeast University of China reveals interdependencies in the global technology supply chain. The researchers have uncovered the profound effects of the technology outage risk and independent research and development (IR&D).
In a recent study published in the journal of Genes & Diseases, Research team led by Lu explores the potential for the use of FDA-approved hypertension and EMA-approved cough medicines to revolutionize cancer treatment.
Considering the applications of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in intelligent railway systems, the key technologies for applying GNSS in novel train-centric railway signaling systems are investigated, including the multi-sensor data fusion, Virtual Balise (VB) capturing and messaging, train integrity monitoring, and system performance evaluation.
There is a significant negative correlation between blubber thickness and water temperature in Yangtze finless porpoises. Different body regions show varying sensitivities to water temperature, indicating specific functions of blubber. Dorsal blubber exhibits the most pronounced response, with a linear increase with increasing water temperature, highlighting its importance in energy storage and mobilization. However, lateral and ventral blubber show a blunt response, which maintains a stable thermal environment for vital organs.
In a recent study published in the journal of Genes & Diseases, researchers have discovered a compelling link between a specific gut bacterium and the progression of atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and stroke. The culprit is a microbe known as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (D. desulfuricans), found to be responsible for increasing intestinal permeability and prompting a potent inflammatory response, contributing to the disease's progression.
Intensive production can cause immunological stress in commercial broilers, leading to growth retardation and intestinal damage. In this study, multi-omics analyses reveal that chlorogenic acid (CGA) improves the growth performance, intestinal barrier function and immune function of dexamethasone-treated immunologically-stressed broilers by regulating gut microbiota, gut microbiota metabolites and jejunal proteins.
The interaction between a probing tip and an adsorbed molecule can significantly impact the molecular chemical structure. The tip-induced bond weakening, tilting, and hopping processes of a single molecule were investigated by sub-nanometre resolved tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). The C−O stretching mode is always redshifted as the tip approaches, revealing the weakening of the C−O bond. Further analyses of the vibrational Stark effect and TERS imaging suggest a delicate tilting of the adsorbed CO molecule.
Micro-nano fibres with wavelength-scale diameters and tapered geometries are excellent platforms for studying light-matter interactions. A novel fibre-tapering technique is reported, compactly combining plasmonic micro-heaters and deformed optical fibres. The system enabled a transfer to a scanning electron microscope for in-situ monitoring of the tapering process. The dynamics of “heat and pull” was directly visualized with nanometre precision in real-time, exemplifying in-situ observations of micro and nanoscale light-matter interactions.
Measuring and assessing fluid viscosity is critical in a variety of industries. Successfully developing rapid, low-cost, miniaturized viscometers covering a wide measurement range has been extremely limited. The novel design of a viscometer integrates a chip-scale GaN optical device with a bendable strip. This work also demonstrates the remarkable features of fast measurement, high stability, and real-time monitoring capability, which prove its potential as a new generation of viscosity-measuring units in various practical applications.
Structuring light emission, particularly from non-classical sources, is crucial for realizing practical high-dimensional quantum information processing. However, traditional methods rely on bulky optical elements with limited functionalities. Scientists have developed an elegant solution for controlling and manipulating dim light sources – down to the single photon level. The nanopatterned structure, a multifunctional metalens, could unleash the full potential of solid-state quantum light sources for advanced quantum photonic applications.
China's rapid industrialization and economic growth have led to an increasing demand for energy, with coal being the primary source of power generation. As a result, China boasts the world's largest fleet of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs), contributing over 60% of its domestic electricity supply. However, the operation of these CFPPs has also resulted in significant air pollutant emissions, leading to adverse impacts on public health and the environment.
A recent study reveals that Metformin, a common drug used to manage Type 2 Diabetes, could offer new hope for treating periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting oral tissues. The study explored the effects of Metformin on HMGB1 (High Mobility Group Box 1), an inflammation mediator implicated in oxidative stress during periodontitis.
Researchers used low-cost furfural residue wastes as dual functional precursor to prepare cathode and anode first time. One-step in-situ expansion and heteroatom doping strategy was adopted to prepare porous carbon, in which ammonium persulfate acted as expand agent and dopant simultaneously.
In a breakthrough study, researchers have revealed a new understanding of the role played by RNA modification in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The research pinpoints how the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), LINC00901, and its N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, contribute to the disease, offering a potential new avenue for therapeutic interventions.
Catastrophic dynamic rock failure (rockburst) is one of the most challenging problems existing in the fields of civil tunnelling and mining. The outcomes of this study advance the understanding of rockburst in the industry, by defining the magnitude of energy that is required to cause a burst in a given geotechnical and mining domain and its release mechanisms.
This study provided the first demonstration that replacing forage fish with formulated diets could increase the amino acid content and alter the muscle fiber features in the muscle of largemouth bass. The experimental results shed light on the molecular basis of how formulated diets affect muscle characters, and lay the ground-work for future nutritional regulation and genetic improvements in the meat quality of largemouth bass.
In this study, researchers provide a comprehensive overview of brain-inspired artificial intelligence (AI) from the perspective of artificial general intelligence (AGI). The investigation covers essential characteristics shared by human intelligence and AGI, vital technologies for achieving AGI, the evolution of AGI system from algorithmic and infrastructural perspectives, and AGI's limitations and future prospects. This illuminating research deepens our understanding of brain-inspired AI and its profound implications for AGI.
The results of the study demonstrated that sorghum is a more suitable feed grain than wheat in low-protein broiler diets and increasing dietary arginine to lysine ratios improved growth performance in low-protein diets based on sorghum.
Accumulation and deposition of amyloid can cause a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The degradation of this accumulation is the most widely accepted therapeutic strategy. The study on amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers in vitro found that high-frequency terahertz (THz) wave at a specific frequency could be served as a physical, efficient, nonthermal denaturation way to delay the fibrotic process with a speed of 80 per cent.
Quantum resources and technologies promise to dramatically boost computation, communication and sensing tasks, contributing to reshaping our society. In this context, scientists showed that quantum entanglement in optical beams can enhance imaging of completely transparent objects only measuring their ‘phase-induced’ effect on the free-propagating light after the interaction.
Asphere is a general term for surfaces that deviate from a sphere. Aspheric surfaces include rotationally symmetric aspheric surfaces, off-axis aspheric surfaces, and freeform surfaces. Aspheric surfaces have higher degrees of freedom than spherical ones, allowing them to achieve more functions than the spherical surface.
Novel semiconductors shows hetero-integration capability due to their low-temperature solution processability, which can be potentially be applied in constructing integrated spectrometers. Scientists in China developed a platform for integrated spectrometers by involving the conjugated-mode of the bound states in the continuum and solution-processable semiconductor. The integrated spectrometers are capable of realizing narrowband/broadband light reconstruction and in-situ hyperspectral imaging.
Heterotopic ossification (HO), a pathological condition characterized by abnormal bone formation in soft tissues, can result from traumatic injuries like fractures and surgeries such as hip arthroplasty. The underlying cellular mechanisms and specific cell phenotypes driving this process remain poorly understood due to the complex heterogeneity of the involved progenitor cells.
Researchers have developed an innovative learning method that can enhance the efficiency of training quadruped robots to perform bounding gaits, contributing to more agile and effective locomotion across varying terrains. This study underscores the importance of bounding as an essential gait in quadrupedal locomotion, especially in negotiating obstacles.
Photonic crystal structures have excellent light control properties and are hot topics in the field of photonics. For the preparation of photonic crystal structures with nanoscale three-dimensional spatial resolution inside the crystal, new femtosecond laser processing technologies are urgently needed. Scientists in China proposed a photonic crystal structure fabrication method based on nanoscale femtosecond laser multi-beam lithography. The technique will open possible ways to fabricate nanostructures for applications in optical communication and light manipulation.
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