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Released: 21-Feb-2018 1:05 PM EST
Infant Skull Binding Shaped Identity, Inequality in Ancient Andes
Cornell University

The idea of binding and reshaping a baby’s head may make today’s parents cringe, but for families in the Andes between 1100-1450, cranial modification was all the rage.

20-Feb-2018 10:05 AM EST
Ancient-DNA Researchers Surpass the 1,000-Genome Milestone, Sharpening Resolution of European Prehistory
Harvard Medical School

In the last eight years, the field of ancient DNA research has expanded from just one ancient human genome to more than 1,300. The latest 625 of those genomes debut Feb. 21 in two papers published simultaneously in Nature, including the largest study of ancient DNA to date.

20-Feb-2018 9:45 AM EST
Ancient DNA Tells Tales of Humans’ Migrant History
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)

Fueled by advances in analyzing DNA from the bones of ancient humans, scientists have dramatically expanded the number of samples studied – revealing vast and surprising migrations and genetic mixing of populations in our prehistoric past.

19-Feb-2018 1:00 PM EST
In a First, Tiny Diamond Anvils Trigger Chemical Reactions by Squeezing
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Menlo Park, Calif. —Scientists have turned the smallest possible bits of diamond and other super-hard specks into “molecular anvils” that squeeze and twist molecules until chemical bonds break and atoms exchange electrons. These are the first such chemical reactions triggered by mechanical pressure alone, and researchers say the method offers a new way to do chemistry at the molecular level that is greener, more efficient and much more precise.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 12:05 PM EST
Cross-Bred Flies Reveal New Clues About How Proteins Are Regulated
Scripps Research Institute

A team from The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) has revealed that by crossing two species of flies, they can use what they learn from the proteome of the hybrid offspring to find new clues about how proteins interact with each other

Released: 21-Feb-2018 12:00 PM EST
Berkeley Lab “Minimalist Machine Learning” Algorithms Analyze Images From Very Little Data
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Berkeley Lab mathematicians have developed a new approach to machine learning aimed at experimental imaging data. Rather than relying on the tens or hundreds of thousands of images used by typical machine learning methods, this new approach “learns” much more quickly and requires far fewer images.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 11:05 AM EST
Researchers Uncover Novel Mechanism behind Schizophrenia
Case Western Reserve University

An international team of researchers led by a Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine scientist has uncovered a novel mechanism in which a protein—neuregulin 3—controls how key neurotransmitters are released in the brain during schizophrenia. The protein is elevated in people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses, but the study is the first to investigate how it causes such severe mental illness.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 11:00 AM EST
Diabetic Nerve Damage May Increase Energy Needed for Walking
American Physiological Society (APS)

A new study suggests that diabetes-related nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy) may reduce the amount of energy stored by the Achilles tendon during walking. The tendon connects the back of the heel to the calf muscles. This reduction increases the energy required for locomotion (“cost of walking”).

Released: 21-Feb-2018 10:00 AM EST
Cancer Risk Associated With Key Epigenetic Changes Occurring Through Normal Aging Process
Johns Hopkins Medicine

Some scientists have hypothesized that tumor-promoting changes in cells during cancer development—particularly an epigenetic change involving DNA methylation—arise from rogue cells escaping a natural cell deterioration process called senescence. Now, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center demonstrated that instead, tumor-associated epigenetic states evolve erratically during early stages of tumor development, eventually selecting for a subset of genes that undergo the most changes during normal aging and in early tumor development.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 10:00 AM EST
Five Novel Genetic Changes Linked to Pancreatic Cancer Risk
Johns Hopkins Medicine

In what is believed to be the largest pancreatic cancer genome-wide association study to date, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center and the National Cancer Institute, and collaborators from over 80 other institutions worldwide discovered changes to five new regions in the human genome that may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 9:05 AM EST
Animal Study Shows How to Retrain the Immune System to Ease Food Allergies
Duke Health

Treating food allergies might be a simple matter of teaching the immune system a new trick, researchers at Duke Health have found. In a study using mice bred to have peanut allergies, the Duke researchers were able to reprogram the animals' immune systems using a nanoparticle delivery of molecules to the lymph nodes that switched off the life-threatening reactions to peanut exposures.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 9:05 AM EST
Deep Neural Networks Identifies Tumours with Unmatched Performance
Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)

A team of artificial intelligence researchers developed a new deep-learning method to identify tumours in medical images.

   
Released: 21-Feb-2018 9:00 AM EST
Tuning Quantum Light Sources
Department of Energy, Office of Science

First known material capable of emitting single photons at room temperature and telecom wavelengths.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 9:00 AM EST
Innovative Couples’ Intervention Significantly Helps People With Alzheimer’s Communicate
Florida Atlantic University

For couples with decades of shared memories, a partner’s decline in the ability to communicate because of dementia is frightening and frustrating. Communication strategies they’ve used before simply don’t work anymore. By getting creative, an in-home intervention to support couples affected by dementia is showing that “practice does make perfect,” both for the caregiver and the care receiver or person with dementia, and can improve their communication behaviors in just 10 weeks.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 9:00 AM EST
Reed Canarygrass: Environmental Foe, Cattle Food?
American Society of Agronomy (ASA), Crop Science Society of America (CSSA), Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)

A non-native grass species has been wreaking havoc in wetlands all over the U.S., impacting migratory birds' fueling stops. In response, researchers test the usefulness of reed canarygrass as a feed source for cows, with hopes of controlling the invasive species.

19-Feb-2018 2:00 PM EST
Laws Banning Hand-Held Cellphone Calls More Effective Than Texting Bans for Teen Drivers
Nationwide Children's Hospital

A new study led by the Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children’s Hospital used data from a national survey to examine the effectiveness of state-level cellphone laws in decreasing teens’ use of cellphones while driving. The study, done in conjunction with researchers from West Virginia University and the University of Minnesota, and published today in Journal of Adolescent Health, looked at state-level cellphone laws and differences in both texting and hand-held cellphone conversations among teen drivers across four years.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 8:05 AM EST
Psychopathic Employees Thrive Under Abusive Supervisors, Study Finds
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

A new study shows that individuals who possess high primary psychopathic characteristics appear to have distinct advantages over those who don’t, when working for an abusive supervisor.

   
Released: 21-Feb-2018 8:05 AM EST
Working Night and Day
Department of Energy, Office of Science

Day-night changes in light and temperature power a low-cost material assembly that mimics biological self-copying.

Released: 21-Feb-2018 8:05 AM EST
A Nanowire Array to Screen Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Department of Energy, Office of Science

Engineers develop wires that penetrate neurons and measure their activity

Released: 21-Feb-2018 8:00 AM EST
How to Allocate Assets in an Unpredictable Environment? Forget Probabilities and Focus on Game Theory, New Analysis Shows
New York University

NYU economist Sylvain Chassang addresses current marketplace uncertainties head-on with an approach that disregards the past as a variable in investment strategy and, instead, champions game theory.

15-Feb-2018 5:05 AM EST
Using Microscale Thermophoresis to Characterize Hits from High-Throughput Screening: A European Lead Factory Perspective
SLAS

A perspective article in the March 2018 issue of SLAS Discovery from the biology group at the European Screening Centre Newhouse details how the European Lead Factory (ELF), a large publicly accessible drug discovery platform, uses microscale thermophoresis (MST) to aid in the prioritization of small molecule hits from high-throughput screening.

   
Released: 21-Feb-2018 7:05 AM EST
‘Chameleon’ Ocean Bacteria Can Shift Their Colours
University of Warwick

Cyanobacteria - which propel the ocean engine and help sustain marine life – can shift their colour like chameleons to match different coloured light across the world’s seas, according to research by an international collaboration including the University of Warwick.The researchers have shown that Synechococcus cyanobacteria – which use light to capture carbon dioxide from the air and produce energy for the marine food chain – contain specific genes which alters their pigmentation depending on the type of light in which they float, allowing them to adapt and thrive in any part of the world’s oceans.

19-Feb-2018 3:55 PM EST
Similarities Found in Cancer Initiation in Kidney, Liver, Stomach, Pancreas
Washington University in St. Louis

Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have found that when mature cells transition to begin dividing again, they all seem to do it the same way, regardless of what organ those cells come from.

21-Feb-2018 1:05 AM EST
Primeros Resultados De Ensayos Clínicos No Son Tan Buenos Como Parecen, Muestra Nuevo Estudio
Mayo Clinic

Cuando alguien padece una enfermedad crónica, bien puede poner sus esperanzas en los tratamientos de los ensayos clínicos que, al principio, muestran resultados positivos. Sin embargo, esos resultados posiblemente sean exagerados en 1 de cada 3 de los primeros ensayos clínicos.

19-Feb-2018 10:05 AM EST
Early Results From Clinical Trials Not All They’re Cracked Up to Be, Shows New Research
Mayo Clinic

When people are suffering from a chronic medical condition, they may place their hope on treatments in clinical trials that show early positive results. However, these results may be grossly exaggerated in more than 1 in 3 early clinical trials, reports a new study led by Mayo Clinic and published today in Mayo Clinic Proceedings.

20-Feb-2018 1:45 PM EST
Brain Size of Human Ancestors Evolved Gradually Over 3 Million Years
University of Chicago Medical Center

Modern humans have brains that are more than three times larger than our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos. Scientists don't agree on when and how this dramatic increase took place, but new analysis of 94 hominin fossils shows that average brain size increased gradually and consistently over the past three million years.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 4:05 PM EST
Resolvin D-1 Limits Kidney Damage After Heart Attacks
University of Alabama at Birmingham

Lingering inflammation after heart attack can lead heart failure. It can also claim another victim — the kidneys. New research shows that a bioactive compound called resolvin D-1, injected as a therapeutic dose, is able to limit this collateral damage in the kidneys, as tested in an animal model.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 4:05 PM EST
Study Finds Protein Levels in Spinal Fluid Correlate to Posture and Gait Difficulty in Parkinson’s Disease
RUSH

Levels of a protein found in the brain called alpha-synuclein (α-syn) are significantly lower than normal in cerebrospinal fluid collected in Parkinson’s disease patients suffering from postural instability and gait difficulty, a study led by movement disorders experts at Rush University Medical Center has found.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 4:05 PM EST
Latest Palliative Care Findings on Caregiver Depression, LGBT Partners, Moral Distress
Loyola Medicine

Caregivers of patients with long critical illnesses experience high and persistent rates of depression. Losing a partner can be especially stressful for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. Resident physicians experience moral distress when they administer futile treatments at the end of life.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 3:00 PM EST
Squeezing Into the Best Shape
Department of Energy, Office of Science

Gel uses nanoparticles for on-demand control of droplet shapes, of interest for energy storage and catalysis.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 2:45 PM EST
As Climate Changes, So Could the Genes of the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly
University of Notre Dame

Researchers from the University of Notre Dame warn climate change can not only influence the geographic distribution of a species in response to changing conditions — it could also affect the evolutionary trajectories of interbreeding species.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 2:45 PM EST
Beluga Whales Dive Deeper, Longer to Find Food in Arctic
University of Washington

Beluga whales that spend summers feeding in the Arctic are diving deeper and longer to find food than in earlier years, when sea ice covered more of the ocean for longer periods, according to a new analysis led by University of Washington researchers.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 2:05 PM EST
Forcing the Hand of Elusive Electrons
Department of Energy, Office of Science

Current generated when light hits a material reveals electrons behaving like an elusive particle.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 2:05 PM EST
MEMS Chips Get Metalenses
American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Lens technologies have advanced across all scales, from digital cameras and high bandwidth in fiber optics to the LIGO lab instruments. Now, a new lens technology that could be produced using standard computer-chip technology is emerging and could replace the bulky layers and complex geometries of traditional curved lenses. Researchers at Harvard and Argonne National Laboratory have developed a device that integrates mid-infrared spectrum metalenses onto MEMS. They report their work in this week’s APL Photonics.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 2:05 PM EST
“Icebreaker” Protein Opens Genome for T Cell Development, Penn Researchers Find
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

Researchers describe the role of a transcription factor called TCF-1 in targeting the condensed chromatin and regulating the availability of genome sequences in T-cell development. The new connection between TCF-1 and chromatin will aid in developing new therapies using epigenetic drugs to alter T-cell fate in cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

19-Feb-2018 5:05 PM EST
Women Once Considered Low Risk for Heart Disease Shown to Have Evidence of Previous Heart Attack Scars
Cedars-Sinai

Women who complain about chest pain often are reassured by their doctors that there is no reason to worry because their angiograms show that the women don’t have blockages in the major heart arteries, a primary cause of heart attacks in men. But a National Institutes of Health study led by investigators at the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center in the Smidt Heart Institute, shows that about 8% of those women actually have scars on their heart that indicate they experienced a heart attack.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 1:05 PM EST
Single Atoms in Nano-Cages
Department of Energy, Office of Science

Tiny cages can trap and release inert argon gas atoms, allowing their further study and providing a new way to capture rare gases.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 1:05 PM EST
“Brain on a Chip” Reveals How the Brain Folds
Weizmann Institute of Science

Weizmann Institute scientists bring together physics and biology to create a new model of brain development.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 12:05 PM EST
Book Looks at How 2016 Election Changed the Rules of Political Communication
Iowa State University

The midterm election may signal more than a change of direction in Washington, said Dianne Bystrom, director of Iowa State’s Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics. It also may determine if 2016 was an anomaly or the new norm for future elections.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 11:50 AM EST
Perceptions about God Make Democrats More Conservative and Republicans More Liberal — But in Different Ways
Baylor University

Republicans who believe that God is very involved with humanity are like Democrats — more liberal — when it comes to social and economic justice issues, according to a Baylor University study. Meanwhile, Democrats who see God as a strict father tend to agree about with "an eye-for-an-eye" policy when it comes to harsher criminal punishment and military solutions to foreign conflicts.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 11:05 AM EST
Brain’s Immune System is Key to Recovery from Motor Neuron Degeneration in ALS Animal Model
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

Researchers engineered mice in which the damage caused by a mutant human TDP-43 protein could be reversed by one type of brain immune cell. TDP-43 is a protein that misfolds and accumulates in the motor areas of the brains of ALS patients. They found that microglia, the first and primary immune response cells in the brain and spinal cord, are essential for dealing with TDP-43-associated neuron death.

16-Feb-2018 10:05 AM EST
Why Polymer Solar Cells Deserve Their Place in the Sun
American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Organic polymer solar cells show potential to provide solar power to remote microwatt sensors, wearable technology and the Wi-Fi-connected appliances constituting the “internet of things.” While PSCs cannot match the durability or efficiency of inorganic solar cells, the potential to mass-produce nontoxic, disposable solar panels using roll-to-roll production makes them attractive for additional applications. In this week’s Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, researchers review the latest advances and remaining challenges in PSC technology.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 10:05 AM EST
Survivors of Blood or Marrow Transplantation Are Likely to Experience Cognitive Impairment
University of Alabama at Birmingham

Allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation recipients are at a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment in the years post-transplantation, according to a study published in Journal of Clinical Oncology. Published by Noha Sharafeldin, M.D., M.Sc., Ph.D., instructor in UAB’s Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship and Division of Hematology and Oncology, this study helps add a missing piece to a long-unsolved puzzle about post-transplant effects on recipients, specifically that vulnerable subpopulations of similar transplants can benefit from targeted interventions in the years after they receive their lifesaving treatment.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 10:05 AM EST
Researchers Invent Tiny, Light-Powered Wires to Modulate Brain's Electrical Signals
University of Chicago

A new University of Chicago study shows how tiny, light-powered wires could be fashioned out of silicon to manipulate electrical signaling between neurons. Published Feb. 19 in Nature Nanotechnology, the study offers a new avenue to shed light on—and perhaps someday treat—brain disorders.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 10:05 AM EST
Improving Family-Based Communication Key to Enhancing Sexual Health Outcomes of Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Adolescents
University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing

Studies have shown that talking with teens about sex-related topics is a positive parenting practice that facilitates important sexual health outcomes with heterosexual adolescents. But for LGBTQ youth, the topic of sexuality and sexual health is often ineffectively addressed at home.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 9:00 AM EST
Portable Biosensor Warns of Heart Attack and Stroke
The Electrochemical Society

A team of researchers has developed a low-cost, portable medical sensor package that has the potential to alert users of medical issues ranging from severe heart conditions to cancer, according to a study published in the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 9:00 AM EST
Number of Obese Years Not — Just Obesity — a Distinct Risk Factor for Heart Damage
Johns Hopkins Medicine

In an analysis of clinical data collected on more than 9,000 people, Johns Hopkins researchers have shown that the number of years spent overweight or obese appear to “add up” to a distinct risk factor that makes those with a longer history of heaviness more likely to test positive for a chemical marker of so-called “silent” heart damage than those with a shorter history.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 9:00 AM EST
Assassination of Political Leaders Connected to Increase in Social Conflict
Binghamton University, State University of New York

An increase in social conflict increases the likelihood of assassinations of political leaders, according to new research co-conducted by faculty at Binghamton University, State University of New York.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 8:05 AM EST
Unwavering Juggler with Three Extra Electrons
Department of Energy, Office of Science

Simulations discovered the first molecule with three extra electrons and extraordinary stability.

Released: 20-Feb-2018 8:00 AM EST
Hospital Charges For Outpatient Cancer Care Highly Variable, Medicare Billing Records Show
Johns Hopkins Medicine

An analysis of recent Medicare billing records for more than 3,000 hospitals across the United States shows that charges for outpatient oncology services such as chemo infusion or radiation treatment vary widely and exceed what Medicare will pay by twofold to sixfold.



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