Feature Channels: All Journal News

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The Comprex (TM) supercharger, like the turbocharger, is a Swiss invention. The Comprex uses pressure waves in direct contact of the exhaust gas with fresh air for supercharging, while a turbocharger couples two flow machines (a turbine and a compressor). Now a brand new design called "Comprex 2.0" showed many advantages in combination with a natural gas engine.

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A new study led by researchers at University of Utah Health details a novel mechanism that infectious bacteria use to quickly adjust to environmental stress. The discovery could help explain why certain types of common infections—such as urinary tract and bloodstream infections like sepsis—are hard to get rid of.

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Parkinsonism is a term for a group of neurological conditions that cause movement problems including tremors, slowed movement and stiffness, with Parkinson’s disease being one of the better knowns causes. A new study suggests that older people taking statin drugs have a lower chance of developing parkinsonism later compared to people who were not taking statins. The research is published in the March 23, 2022, online issue of Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. Statins are drugs used to lower cholesterol in the blood and protect against atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries that can lead to hardening of the arteries, heart attack and stroke.

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New research published this week by University of New Mexico archaeologist Keith Prufer shows that a site in Belize was critical in studying the origins of the ancient Maya people and the spread of maize as a staple food.

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People with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) are unable to distinguish objects in dim-light conditions. This impairment presents challenges, especially where artificial lighting is unavailable or when driving at night.

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The molecular processes caused by a TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2) gene mutation in the brain’s microglia immune cells can increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, according to a recent study led by researchers at the University of California, Irvine. While many immune cell genes have been associated with Alzheimer’s, the odds are increased two to three times by mutations in TREM2. However, the processes by which these mutations change the function of microglia cells have not been identified until now.

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The stress hormone cortisol reduces altruistic behavior and alters activity in brain regions linked to social decision making — but only in people who are better at imagining others’ mental states, according to new research published in JNeurosci.

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Pancreatic cancer is notoriously difficult to cure or even treat. Now, a new strategy devised by scientists at Albert Einstein College of Medicine has succeeded in making pancreatic tumors visible to the immune systems of mice and vulnerable to immune attack, reducing cancer metastases by 87%. The paper describing the findings published online today in Science Translational Medicine.

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When it comes to police traffic stops, the context in which police officers operate is important. New research covering tens of millions of U.S. traffic stops found that Black drivers were more likely than White drivers to be stopped by police in regions with a more racially biased White population.

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People of color often face unequal access to health care and experience poorer outcomes across the health care landscape. In the field of dermatology, these patients often don’t know where to turn for skin health advice and are 50% less likely than other patients to see a dermatologist for the same conditions.

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In-vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics that offer money-back guarantees (MBGs) for their services achieve a higher live-birth success rate with less aggressive treatments than clinics that do not provide money-back guarantees.

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Researchers at Johns Hopkins Children’s Center report evidence from lab experiments that a chemical derived from a compound found abundantly in broccoli and other cruciferous plants may offer a potentially new and potent weapon against the viruses that cause COVID-19 and the common cold.

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The lower airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have unique biochemical features that correlate with the complex communities of lung bacteria typical of this disease, according to a multicenter study led by researchers from Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago. These findings offer insights into the underlying biological mechanisms driving infection and inflammation in the CF lungs, and may help develop novel targeted therapies and more precise diagnostics to improve the care of children with CF.

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a novel therapy for patients with metastatic or inoperable melanoma, an aggressive type of skin cancer. The treatment is developed based on original research conducted at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center.

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Powerful people in the upper echelons of organizations have plenty to be grateful for, but new Cornell University research indicates that higher-power individuals feel and express less gratitude to their subordinates.

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A multicenter research team co-led by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center developed the first drug to treat the uncontrolled secretion of mucins in the airways, which causes potentially life-threatening symptoms in millions of Americans with common lung diseases.

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Spinosaurus is the largest predatory dinosaur known - over two metres longer than the longest Tyrannosaurus rex - but the way it hunted has been a subject of debate for decades. In a new paper, published today in Nature, a group of palaeontologists have taken a different approach to decipher the lifestyle of long-extinct creatures: examining the density of their bones.

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Scientists have created a new way to examine Mach waves in quark-gluon plasma. This plasma has almost no resistance to flow, making it the world’s most perfect fluid. The shape of a Mach wave can offer important information about quark-gluon plasma. Because quark-gluon plasma existed in the early universe a fraction of a second after the Big Bang, understanding its properties helps scientists understand how the universe formed.

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In American Journal of Physics, researchers were inspired by marinated eggs to demonstrate how diffusion works in an easy and quantifiable way. The basis of the recipe is marinating hard boiled eggs in vinegar or brine, which cures the eggs by sufficiently saturating the egg whites via diffusion. In their experiment, the researchers compared penetration levels of red food dye in the whites of peeled hard-boiled eggs at three different temperatures: refrigerator temperature, room temperature, and in a cool convection oven.

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A new research venture pairs cutting-edge particle accelerator science and radiation therapy using laser-generated proton beams.

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A new UK government act designed to target the assets of Russian oligarchs and other money launderers comes with loopholes, according to an economic crime expert from the University of Portsmouth.

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A team led by engineers at the University of California San Diego has developed a device that is a first step to enabling noninvasive, ultrasound-based therapies for the brain. For example, ultrasound waves are currently being used in clinical trials to treat epilepsy.

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Researchers use carbon dioxide in a hydroponic system to quickly and accurately determine how soy varieties fare in oxygen-deprived environments

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Many lesbian and bisexual women lack access to culturally sensitive and effective alcohol and mental health treatments, according to a new study. The findings suggest that sexual minority women (SMW), especially younger women, women of color, and those with low incomes, face multiple barriers to addressing problematic alcohol use. Previous research has shown that SMW experience higher rates of problem drinking and its negative consequences than heterosexual women. This partly reflects the impact of discrimination and its associated stress. Yet SMW appear relatively unlikely to seek help, and when they do, are less satisfied with it, for reasons including a lack of identity-affirming care and provider bias. Better understanding of SMW’s recognition of alcohol problems, motivation to reduce drinking, and treatment experiences — important influences on outcomes — as well as how their alcohol experiences vary by demographic characteristics can potentially help identify women at risk and in