Regional topographic relief map. (From the study: The Cocos and Nazca plates are formed at the EPR and the GSC. The Galápagos Triple Junction (GTJ) trace marks the boundary between EPR- and GSC-derived oceanic crusts. The Galápagos Plume is currently centered beneath the Galápagos Islands 200 km south of the GSC and generates two hot spot tracks, the Cocos Ridge and the Carnegie Ridge.)