2. Researcher Alyssa Kim showing fluorescent substrate solution under UV light. The method is called zymography, which is used to map the enzyme distribution. The “substrate” is the chemical that can be decomposed by the target enzyme. When it is decomposed, it shows fluorescence (only under UV light).

3. Example of the soil sample packed with the leaf residues. Red dotted box on the left is the region of interest (where zymogram was taken), and the right is the result of calculation. Colored map shows the intensity of enzyme activity.

4. Images of X-ray and Neutron computed tomography. Green disks (leaves, also indicated by red arrows) were identified using machine learning, and the moisture proxy (the brightness in neutron images) were calculated by distance from the leaves, and by time. The graphs below show the moisture content proxy by distance from the leaves (x-axis) and by time (color).