Fig 4. Mean household t CO2e emissions (2019) per income group under the pre-tax supplier framework. The width of each income group, on the x-axis, corresponds with each group’s share of national emissions. Color indicates income category. Black error bars are bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals for total t CO2e from all three sources. Similarly, gray error bars are bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals on the total t CO2e given an assumed ±20% error in carbon intensity per dollar. (Producer-based results are presented in S8 Fig).