Change types of MODIS NDVI in urban areas for 2001 to 2020. (A) Yearly mean NDVI in urban core and urban expansion areas during 2001 to 2020. (B) Vegetation change types for each urban areas (n = 965), including urban core and urbanization. (C) Number and timing of breakpoints of the class recovery (n = 609). (D) Percent of urban vegetation cover change types for different geographical zones. (E) Percent of vegetation change types for groups of different urban area sizes.