Credit: Image courtesy of Accardi, A., et al., Electron-Ion Collider: The next QCD frontier. European Physics Journal A 52, 268 (2016).
Understanding of the proton has changed from the 1980s view of the proton as made of three valence quarks (left) to the modern view that it is made of valence quarks, sea quarks, and gluons rotating in different directions around its spin axis (right).