DURHAM, N.C. -- As new moms, North Atlantic right whales tone down their underwater vocalizations and "whisper" to their young calves to avoid attracting predators, a new study by scientists at Syracuse University, Duke University and NOAA Fisheries' Northeast Fisheries Center finds.
The whales, which are critically endangered, have few natural predators due to their size, but their calves are vulnerable to orcas and sharks when young.
The peer-reviewed study, published Oct. 9 in Biology Letters, reveals the new mothers drastically reduce their production of a vocalization known as an "up call" that the species typically uses to communicate with other right whales. An up call produces a short, loud "whoop" sound that rises sharply, can travel long distances underwater, and lasts for up to two seconds.
In its place, new mothers communicate to their young through a very quiet, short, grunt-like sound that isn't audible more than a short distance away.
These sounds, previously unknown to scientists, "can be thought of almost like a human whisper," said Susan Parks, University Biology Professor at Syracuse, who led the study. "They allow the mother and calf to stay in touch with each other without advertising their presence to potential predators in the area."
Parks conducted the study with Douglas Nowacek, Repass-Rodgers University Professor of Conservation Technology at Duke University, Sofie Van Parijs of the NOAA Northeast Fisheries Center, and Dana Cusano of Syracuse.
To collect the acoustic data, the researchers attached small, noninvasive recording tags via suction cups onto North Atlantic right whales in calving grounds off the coasts of Florida and Georgia. They attached tags to juvenile and pregnant whales found in the area and to mother-calf pairs.
"The mothers significantly reduced the number of higher-amplitude, long-distance communication signals they produced compared to the juvenile and pregnant whales," Nowacek said. "They also produced these very quiet, whisper-like sounds. This suggests that right whale mother-calf pairs rely on acoustic crypsis -- a type of behavior meant to avoid detection -- to reduce the risk of eavesdropping by orcas or sharks lurking in nearby murky waters."
"Right whales face a number of challenges, including a very low number of calves born in recent years, combined with a number of deaths of reproductive females by collisions with large ships or entanglement in fishing gear," Parks said. Scientists estimate that only about 420 North Atlantic right whales exist in the wild today, and there have been 30 confirmed deaths in the past three years, so any additional death is a blow to the species' survival odds.
"There are still many things we don't know about their behaviors, and it is my hope that studies like this will help to improve efforts for their conservation," she said.
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The study was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research (grant #$N000140410709), and the U.S. Fleet Forces Command, which is managed by Naval Facilities Engineering Command Atlantic as part of the U.S. Navy's Marine Species Monitoring Program.
The team's research was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use committees of Syracuse University and Duke University. Tag data were collected under federal U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Permits #14791 and #17355.
CITATION: "Acoustic Crypsis in Communication by North Atlantic Right Whales Mother-Calf Pairs on the Calving Grounds," by Susan Parks, Dana Cusano, Sofie Van Parijs and Douglas Nowacek. Biology Letters, Oct. 9, 2019, . DOI: https:/
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