“Policymakers need to have ways to think about the evolution from the current state of transportation energy to the desired future state,” Dawn Manley said. “It is one thing to set aggressive targets on emission reductions, but you need to examine options for reaching desired future states in order to get there,” she told California’s Senate Transportation and Housing Committee on Oct. 24.
State lawmakers are examining the long-term viability of available fuels to meet the state’s transportation demands, particularly those related to AB 32, a much-publicized California law that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels.
According to the state Air Resources Board (ARB), which is implementing AB32, transportation accounts for 38 percent of greenhouse gas emissions in the state, hence the committee’s focus on transportation fuels.
As an example of the difficulties that can arise when trying to execute new energy goals, Manley pointed to the Renewable Fuels Standard, a federal requirement that sets targets for biofuel production and volume. Specifically, a potential mismatch between the amount of ethanol biofuel that would be produced and the infrastructure to both absorb and distribute it could produce delays.
Currently, only 3 to 5 percent of the U.S. transportation fleet is composed of flex-fuel vehicles, which can operate on gasoline blends containing up to 85 percent ethanol (E85). About 2,400 gas stations in the U.S. – only a fraction of the 160,000 gas stations in the country – can dispense E85.
Two possible solutions are to have either higher blend requirements for all vehicles or more flex-fuel vehicles that can accept up to 85 percent ethanol, she said.
Even the seemingly modest policy change of going from 10 to 15 percent ethanol (approved last year) required waivers from the Environmental Protection Agency, Manley said. Also necessary was testing to demonstrate that higher blends are safe and free from higher emissions, and education of consumers who need to know when and how to use E15 ethanol.
The proposed changes in ethanol policies, she said, are just one example of how a shift to advanced transportation technologies such as electric vehicles, fuel cells and other biofuels pose enormous challenges.
Many in the transportation policy community want electric vehicles to become a standard in the U.S. transportation fleet. But, even if the assertion proves true that a vast majority of vehicles in the year 2050 will use some form of electrification, Manley echoed a recent op-ed article in the Washington Post (authored by Bob Carling, director of Sandia’s Transportation Energy Center) and reminded the committee that most of those vehicles likely will still be using a combination of electric and combustion engines since an all-battery-powered vehicle fleet is unlikely by then.
“We need to realize that there is still much to be gained with the combustion engine,” Manley said. “Even with all the exciting new technologies out there, a good chunk of electric vehicles are still going to be making use of the combustion engine.”
She also emphasized that speed and scale are key in terms of advanced technology development, since it takes 15 to 20 years to change over the transportation fleet. “We all tend to think that hybrids are a mature transportation technology, but the fact is that they still only make up about 5 percent of all vehicle sales today,” she said. “We still have a long way to go.”
Manley also reflected on a recent visit to China and suggested that decision makers in the U.S. can learn some lessons from their counterparts in Asia.
“When making decisions about transportation energy investments and technology development, the Chinese have described their strategy in terms of points, lines and areas,” she explained. “’Points’ refers to dense urban areas, and they consider the kinds of vehicles that will make the most sense there. ‘Lines’ are what connect those urban areas, so the Chinese think about the transportation strategies that are most effective in doing that. Finally, ‘areas’ are the broader, rural and agricultural regions of the country, so again, they look at the unique transportation needs in these areas and build their strategies around them.”
No one technology or policy will fit every transportation need, Manley said.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration. With main facilities in Albuquerque, N.M., and Livermore, Calif., Sandia has major R&D responsibilities in national security, energy and environmental technologies, and economic competitiveness.
Story available at:http://www.sandia.gov/news/index.html
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