Newswise — New York, NY (September 6, 2017)—Significant headway has been made in controlling malaria. However, two vexing problems remain: currently available treatments are unable to block transmission of the parasite that causes the disease, and the parasite often becomes resistant to drugs. According to a new study led by researchers at Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC), there is a class of compounds that could address both of these problems.
The compounds, called hexahydroquinolines (HHQs), were found to be highly effective in preventing the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from an infected host (a mouse model) to mosquitoes. As an added bonus, parasites that became resistant to HHQs were also hypersensitive to several widely used first-line antimalarial treatments.
“The identification of these compounds is a very promising step forward,” said study leader David A. Fidock, PhD, the C.S. Hamish Professor of Microbiology and Immunology and professor of medical sciences (in medicine) at CUMC. “HHQs and existing antimalarials could be a potent one-two punch that prevents a carrier of the parasite from passing it on with the next mosquito bite and makes it harder for drug-resistant parasites to emerge.”
The study was published August 14 in the online edition of Nature Microbiology.
Most antimalarial drugs target the parasite as it reproduces inside blood cells, which causes symptoms such as fevers, chills, and sweating in humans (see: Malaria parasite life cycle). These drugs, in combination with mosquito-control measures, have halved the global malaria burden since 2000.
“If we hope to make further progress, it’s critical that we work on reducing transmission—especially in areas where infection rates are high, such as in parts of Africa, where an individual can be infected as many as 1,500 times per year—whether it’s with drugs, a vaccine, or genetic engineering of mosquitoes,” said lead author Manu Vanaerschot, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in microbiology & immunology at CUMC. “A malaria patient who is treated with conventional drugs may carry transmissible parasites for several weeks after treatment. During that time, the patient can be a source of infection for mosquitoes that, in turn, infect other individuals.”
Only one licensed drug, primaquine, can prevent malaria transmission, but it is highly toxic in people who lack an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. About 30 percent of patients in malaria-prone regions have this enzyme deficiency, limiting primaquine’s use.
In the study, the researchers screened 3,825 compounds with known activity against the parasite’s disease-causing, replicating asexual blood stage. Three of the compounds—all HHQs—greatly reduced the production of transmissible parasites in vitro. In tests with feeding mosquitoes and in mice infected with a malaria parasite, the compounds reduced the number of mosquitoes that picked up viable transmissible parasites.
Unexpectedly, the compounds also made several currently available antimalarials more potent. HHQs work by preventing the parasite from using the host’s hemoglobin as a food source. Currently available antimalarial drugs are thought to affect a later stage of the same process. “The two types of drugs create what we call opposing selective pressures,” Dr. Fidock said. “When the parasite develops resistance to one drug, it becomes more susceptible to the other. This makes it harder for the parasite to mutate and become drug-resistant.”
Dr. Fidock and his colleagues are currently studying how to improve the potency of the HHQs and turn the compounds into a drug for clinical testing.
The study is titled, “Hexahydroquinolines are antimalarial candidates with potent blood-stage and transmission-blocking activity.” The other contributors are Leonardo Lucantoni (Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia), Tao Li (Sanaria Inc., Rockville, MD), Jill M. Combrinck (University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa), Andrea Ruecker (Imperial College, London; Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Santha Kumar(CUMC), Kelly Rubiano (CUMC), Pedro E. Ferreira (University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, Giulia Siciliano (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy), Sonia Gulati (CUMC), Philipp P. Henrich (CUMC), Caroline L. Ng (CUMC), James M. Murithi (CUMC), Victoria C. Corey (University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA), Sandra Duffy (Griffith University), Ori J. Lieberman (CUMC), M. Isabel Veiga (University of Minho), Robert E. Sinden (Imperial College), Pietro Alano (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy), Michael J. Delves (Imperial College), Kim Lee Sim (Sanaria Inc.), Elizabeth A. Winzeler (University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA), Timothy J. Egan (University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa), Stephen L. Hoffman (Sanaria Inc.), and Vicky M. Avery (Griffith University).
The study was supported by funds from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health (R01 AI103058, R01 AI110329), Australian Research Council, and the Medicines for Malaria Venture.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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