Illustration of the working principle of dynamic z-scanning for auto-focusing. Dynamic beam shaping is achieved by a single TAG lens operating at 140-380kHz in a dual beam path setup (probing beam in green and fabrication beam in red). The first laser is used to track the precise position of the surface as the system is scanning. The second laser is synchronized to the TAG Lens such that a desired focal position is achieved on the surface.
The left figure displays the surface position during the real-time auto-focusing laser marking of a two-step surface made by adhering three pieces of silicon wafers. The three surfaces are labeled by A, B, and C. The right figure shows the 3D microscopy of the two-step surface where the line in the center demonstrates the uniform laser marking on the stepped surface. Compared with conventional fixed-focus processing, the dynamic z-scanning auto-focusing approach reduces defocused laser pulses and increases the processing speed when processing non-flat or varying surfaces.
Newswise — In laser-based manufacturing, accommodating non-flat, or changing surfaces has traditionally been labor-intensive, involving complex focus mapping procedures and or ex-situ characterization. This often results in repositioning errors and extended processing times. To address these issues, ultra high-speed auto-focusing in laser processing has been developed. Whereas most auto-focusing techniques still require mechanical motion of a motorized stage. This mechanical movement in the beam propagation axis can be significantly slower than the lateral speed, slowing down the process of surface detection and re-alignment. Furthermore, it requires feedback, control, and sensing methods in order to determine the optical focal position.
In a new paper published in Light Science & Applications, a team of researchers, led by Professor Craig B. Arnold from the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University, USA developed a fast method to simultaneously track the specific location of a surface and adjust the focus of an optical system. They employed axial varifocal optics, specifically a TAG lens, which operates at 0.1-1 MHz, bypassing delays from the mechanical motion in the beam propagation direction.
The team innovatively used dynamic z-scanning for both detection and movement simultaneously without any mechanical axial movement. The time between surface detection, focus retrieval, and firing of the fabrication laser pulse is theoretically within two periods of z-scanning, or several microseconds, significantly faster than any mechanically based re-focusing system combined with secondary surface position sensing elements.
The team explained the operational principle of their auto-focusing method: "We integrated a single varifocal lens into a dual laser beam setup, consisting of a probing beam and a fabrication beam. The probing beam scans continuously along the z-axis, and the temporal response of its reflection is related to the surface location. Simultaneously, we guide the fabrication beam to the desired position by triggering the fabrication laser at the appropriate time. This approach reduces defocused laser pulses and increases the processing speed when processing non-flat or changing samples."
The researchers also highlighted the potential of this technique for auto-focusing with a lab-made real-time detection and focusing system, designed to instantaneously follow the surface topography without any mechanical movement in the z direction.
"This novel solution for axial focus alignment opens new possibilities for material processing of non-flat and variable surfaces at high speeds. We believe the shift from mechanical motion of optical elements to dynamic beam shaping of light will keep inspiring more exciting applications in optical metrology and 3D laser manufacturing.".
This research received funding from Eric and Wendy Schmidt Fund by the Princeton University and the Marie Curie Fellowship from the European Commission.
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References
DOI
Original Source URL
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-023-01303-2
Funding information
We acknowledge the funding from Princeton University (Eric and Wendy Schmidt Fund, DG5709). C.F acknowledges the funding from European Commission (Marie Curie Fellowship IF, FOCUSIS, Grant Agreement 844977).
About Light: Science & Applications
The Light: Science & Applications will primarily publish new research results in cutting-edge and emerging topics in optics and photonics, as well as covering traditional topics in optical engineering. The journal will publish original articles and reviews that are of high quality, high interest and far-reaching consequence.
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Credit: Light: science & applications
Caption: Illustration of the working principle of dynamic z-scanning for auto-focusing. Dynamic beam shaping is achieved by a single TAG lens operating at 140-380kHz in a dual beam path setup (probing beam in green and fabrication beam in red). The first laser is used to track the precise position of the surface as the system is scanning. The second laser is synchronized to the TAG Lens such that a desired focal position is achieved on the surface.
Credit: Light: science & applications
Caption: The left figure displays the surface position during the real-time auto-focusing laser marking of a two-step surface made by adhering three pieces of silicon wafers. The three surfaces are labeled by A, B, and C. The right figure shows the 3D microscopy of the two-step surface where the line in the center demonstrates the uniform laser marking on the stepped surface. Compared with conventional fixed-focus processing, the dynamic z-scanning auto-focusing approach reduces defocused laser pulses and increases the processing speed when processing non-flat or varying surfaces.
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