Gut infections can cause vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea, according to the Digestive Disease Center. While foodborne illnesses, such as E. coli and Salmonella, resolve themselves within a week, symptoms of Clostridium difficile infection, known as CDI, persist, Scaria explained. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that nearly 500,000 patients suffer from CDI each year. Of these, nearly 30,000 died within 30 days after being diagnosed. Antibiotic use is a factor in 80 percent of CDI cases, Scaria pointed out.
“Clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen,” he said. Broad spectrum antibiotics, such as clindamycin, kill all the normal gut microbes, which then gives Clostridium difficile a chance to form spores that are resistant to antibiotics. The bacteria produce toxins that damage the colon so much that it may need to be removed, he explained.
Though patients get temporary relief with antibiotics, the diarrhea and abdominal cramps return a month or two after treatment in 25 percent of cases, according to Scaria. Those who experience a second episode have a 90 percent chance of the infection returning.
Doctors found that seeding the bowel with a healthy donor stool has helped more than 99 percent of CDI patients, according to Scaria. He hopes to identify which gut bacteria inhibit growth of Clostridium difficile and then incorporate them into a probiotic mixture that can be consumed to treat a variety of intestinal ailments.
“Gut microbiota is a rich source of next-generation medicine,” Scaria said. However, finding the right gut bacteria will be challenging.
“The community of microbes in the gut is so big,” he said, noting that the number of genes in gut microbiota is 10 times greater than the human genome. The Human Microbiome Project, a National Institutes of Health project to sequence microbes in the body, found that one person can harbor as many as 1,000 different bacterial strains.
Scaria and his research team have identified several candidate bacteria strains, for which they have obtained promising preliminary data. Through collaboration with the Baylor College of Medicine, Scaria obtained mini-bioreactors designed to mimic the stomach that will be used to test probiotic mixtures of as many as five bacteria strains.
“I don’t know if one strain alone is enough or if two are needed,” he said. The small bioreactors, which were installed in December, will allow the researchers to do in two months what would have taken two years.
Those formulas that are effective in the bioreactor will then be tested using a germ-free pig model. The Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory is one of only five labs in the country that has this capability.
“Condition-specific probiotics are the future of industry,” Scaria said.
About the Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic LabSince 1887, the South Dakota State University Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory has served the public by providing high quality veterinary diagnostic services as a means to promptly and accurately establish causes of animal health problems. Such diagnoses aid attending veterinarians and health officials in the treatment, control, prevention and surveillance of animal diseases, benefitting South Dakota and national livestock industries, other animal owners and public health.
About South Dakota State UniversityFounded in 1881, South Dakota State University is the state’s Morrill Act land-grant institution as well as its largest, most comprehensive school of higher education. SDSU confers degrees from eight different colleges representing more than 175 majors, minors and specializations. The institution also offers 32 master’s degree programs, 15 Ph.D. and two professional programs. The work of the university is carried out on a residential campus in Brookings, at sites in Sioux Falls, Pierre and Rapid City, and through Cooperative Extension offices and Agricultural Experiment Station research sites across the state.
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