Patient Selection for Bilateral Total Knee Replacement Needs Improvement

“Although we are selecting younger people, we can’t ignore the fact that the population in general is getting sicker,” said Stavros Memtsoudis, M.D., Ph.D., director of Critical Care Services at Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) in New York City, who led the study. “Many of the complications that we studied didn’t decrease over time as you would expect with younger patients and better health care, and some of the complications even increased.” The study is published online ahead of print in the journal Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research.

Rising levels of obesity appear to be driving the complication rates, as well as the increase in the utilization of total knee replacements. Obesity puts extra stress on joints and bones and can cause premature osteoarthritis.

To conduct their research into trends regarding bilateral total knee replacements, researchers at HSS turned to the Nationwide Inpatient Survey, sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). This is the largest inpatient database available in the United States that includes information on patients of all ages. It collects data from about 20% of all hospitalizations in the U.S. The study investigators identified 258,524 bilateral total knee replacements performed between 1999 and 2008. The number of annual bilateral procedures increased by 75%. In 1999, bilateral procedures accounted for 3.7% of all knee replacement operations and in 2008, they accounted for 6% of the operations.

The average age of patients undergoing bilateral knee replacement decreased by 2.5 years from 1999 to 2008. As the years marched on, patients presented with higher rates of comorbidities, including renal failure, neurologic disease, liver disease, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Obesity increased by 131% during the study period. The only comorbidity that decreased was congestive heart failure.

Over the time period studied, the researchers identified a 3% increase in pneumonia, a 6% increase in pulmonary embolism, and a 3% increase in nonmyocardial infarction cardiac complications.

“The take home message of this paper is that we are fighting an uphill battle, because people are getting sicker, despite us attempting to limit risk by choosing younger people to do these procedures in,” said Dr. Memtsoudis. “We have to start thinking of other interventions other than patient selection that we can implement in order to reduce these complications.”

On a positive note, the investigators also found that absolute in-hospital mortality rates decreased at an average rate of 10% per year. The researchers attribute this decrease to advances in medicine and increased use of telemetry and observation in the last 10 to 15 years. “With advances in medicine and monitoring, we have been able to counteract this extreme event of mortality. If you get a complication and it is not recognized, you may die from it,” said Dr. Memtsoudis. “If you observe people more thoroughly, you may not be able to prevent the complication, but you may be able to prevent a mortal event resulting from it.”

The researchers also identified a cost shifting landscape. Patients stayed in the hospital an average of five days after their procedure in 1999 and an average of four days in 2008, but the proportion of discharges to a home or customary residence without home health care decreased at an average rate of 5.5% per year.

“Before this study, we were under the assumption that patient complications were steadily decreasing after bilateral knee arthroplasty, because of better patient selection and improvements in medical care,” said Dr. Memtsoudis. “Now we understand that the picture is more complex. Patients being selected for the procedure may be getting younger, but they are not getting healthier and maybe that is why we don’t see a drastic drop in complications.”

Before embarking on a bilateral knee replacement, he said, patients should “critically look at themselves and talk to their physicians about how their health status plays into the choice of surgery.”

More work is needed to identify ways to prevent complications in patients undergoing bilateral knee replacement and a recent conference sponsored by the Hospital for Special Surgery is aiming to do just that. The Consensus Conference on the Creation of Guidelines for Bilateral Knee Arthroplasty involved 40 experts from 16 institutions. The guidelines coming out of this conference, which are expected to be published within the next six months, address issues such as determining the appropriate workup and management for a patient undergoing bilateral knee replacement, and how long doctors should wait between procedures if a patient undergoes two operations.

Other authors involved in the study include Ottokar Stundner, M.D., from Hospital for Special Surgery; Madhu Mazumdar, Ph.D., from NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital; Carlos Mantilla, M.D., Ph.D., from the Mayo Clinic; and Javad Parvizi, M.D., from the Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. The study was funded by the Clinical Translational Science Center at Weill Cornell Medical College; the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Center for Education, Research, and Therapeutics.

About Hospital for Special SurgeryFounded in 1863, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) is a world leader in orthopedics, rheumatology and rehabilitation. HSS is nationally ranked No. 1 in orthopedics, No. 3 in rheumatology, No. 10 in neurology and No. 5 in geriatrics by U.S. News & World Report (2012-13), and is the first hospital in New York State to receive Magnet Recognition for Excellence in Nursing Service from the American Nurses Credentialing Center three consecutive times. HSS has one of the lowest infection rates in the country. From 2007 to 2011, HSS has been a recipient of the HealthGrades Joint Replacement Excellence Award. HSS is a member of the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System and an affiliate of Weill Cornell Medical College and as such all Hospital for Special Surgery medical staff are faculty of Weill Cornell. The hospital's research division is internationally recognized as a leader in the investigation of musculoskeletal and autoimmune diseases. Hospital for Special Surgery is located in New York City and online at www.hss.edu.