Narrowing the search from more than 4000 published reports to 29 with the most applicable data, Dr. Cusimano and Ms. Parker found that most head and neck injuries due to toppled television sets are sustained by toddlers and that these injuries are likely to be severe and even fatal. The frequency of these injuries has increased in the last decade, as TV sets have become increasing large and more affordable in many countries. Eighty-four percent of the injuries happen in the home, and more than three-fourths are not witnessed by caregivers. Reports state that at the time of the event children are often in the process of climbing furniture on which the TV set rests. In many cases the TV set is situated on top of a dresser or other piece of furniture that was never designed to hold a TV. Toddlers may try to climb the furniture to reach the TV set or objects on or nearby it. Older children sometimes collide with the TV stand or furniture, causing the TV set to topple.
In their review of the literature, the researchers point out that most children injured by toppling TV sets are too young to be aware of risks involving these objects and are uncoordinated. The children’s short stature makes head injury likely when a TV set topples. In addition, small children may lack the necessary language to describe symptoms following injury. Caregivers are sometimes inattentive and may not be aware of how unstable a TV set or furniture may be. They also may not know appropriate emergency medical techniques to assist an injured child until first responders can arrive.
Using the Haddon Matrix paradigm and the public health approach, the researchers focused on identifying risk factors and developing strategies for injury prevention. Examined were the host (the child who is the injured party, particularly toddlers), the agent or vector (the TV, which is the vehicle that caused the injury), and the environment (the physical and social situations in which the injury occurred—for example, furniture supporting the TV set and the extent of caregiver supervision). These three factors were each evaluated at three different time points: pre-event, event, and post-event. Using details from the 29 selected articles, the researchers were able to fill in the blanks about specific risk factors that lead to child injury from toppled television sets.
Based on their analysis of risk factors that can lead to serious head injury, Dr. Cusimano and Ms. Parker compiled a list of prevention methods that, if followed, could be used to avoid TV-toppling events and consequent injuries to small children. The prevention methods are listed in the accompanying table.
The researchers focus on prevention methods currently in use, ways in which these methods can be made more effective, and new prevention methods that have yet to be implemented. In their discussion, the researchers separated their suggested prevention methods into four categories: engineering and design; legislation and enforcement; education; and emergency response systems. The authors provide a thorough review of injury prevention methods, suggest their implementation, and call for future prospective studies designed to increase our knowledge of the injury mechanism involved when TV sets topple onto children.
According to the authors, “Television-toppling injuries can be easily prevented; however, the rates of injury do not reflect a sufficient level of awareness, nor do they reflect an acceptable effort from an injury prevention perspective.”
When asked about the study and its effect on injury prevention, Nadine Parker said:“It is our hope that this study raises awareness for a mechanism of injury mostly unknown to the general public. There are far too many children sustaining head trauma from an easily preventable TV toppling event. Armed with the knowledge from our study we hope that clinicians take a more active role as advocates for prevention of these injuries, legislators become more open to implementing changes to current regulations, and caregivers employ the suggested prevention strategies at home while also contributing as advocates for prevention.”
Disclosure: The researchers report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.
Cusimano MD, Parker N: Toppled television sets and head injuries in the pediatric population: a framework for prevention. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, published online, ahead of print, September 29, 2015; DOI: 10.3171/2015.2.PEDS14472.This paper is accompanied by an editorial: Le TM, Wellons JC III: Editorial: Television sets and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, published online, ahead of print, September 29, 2015; DOI: 10.3171/2015.2.PEDS1582. (www.thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/2015.2.PEDS1582)
The Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics is a monthly peer-reviewed journal focused on diseases and disorders of the central nervous system and spine in children. This journal contains a variety of articles, including descriptions of preclinical and clinical research as well as case reports and technical notes. The Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics is one of four monthly journals published by the JNS Publishing Group, the scholarly journal division of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Other peer-reviewed journals published by the JNS Publishing Group each month include the Journal of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Focus, and the Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. All four journals can be accessed at www.thejns.org.
Founded in 1931 as the Harvey Cushing Society, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) is a scientific and educational association with more than 8,300 members worldwide. The AANS is dedicated to advancing the specialty of neurological surgery in order to provide the highest quality of neurosurgical care to the public. All active members of the AANS are certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons (Neurosurgery) of Canada, or the Mexican Council of Neurological Surgery, AC. Neurological surgery is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of disorders that affect the entire nervous system including the brain, spinal column, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. For more information, visit www.AANS.org.
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