The gene chip will allow scientists to study all 20,000 monkey genes at once and determine when and where genes are being turned on, or expressed. Because the genes of these monkeys are most similar to the genes of humans, they play a key role in our understanding of human disease, development and reproduction. Although gene chips for humans and mice have existed for sometime, this is the first time a monkey gene chip has been produced.

Robert Norgren, Ph.D., associate professor in genetics, cell biology and anatomy at UNMC in Omaha, was the principal investigator on the project, which resulted in a GeneChip that will allow scientists to more efficiently study the genes of the rhesus macaque monkey, the most commonly used monkey in biomedical research.

Through a more than $2.25 million grant from the National Center for Research Resources at the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Norgren and his colleagues were able to obtain over a two-year period the necessary DNA sequence information for many of the genes in the macaque monkey. Once the sequencing was completed, Affymetrix, a gene technology company in Santa Clara, Calif., was able to develop the GeneChip" Rhesus Macaque Genome Array. The research was featured in the Spring 2005 issue of the NCRR Reporter.

The new GeneChip is now available, Dr. Norgren said, and the response from the scientific community has been enthusiastic.

"By being able to look at all the monkey genes at the same time, it allows you to get answers to your questions much quicker. Before, when you had to study one gene at a time, it was a guessing game. If you were lucky, you got your answers after studying a few genes. If you were unlucky, it could take hundreds even thousands of experiments before you got your answers."

Dr. Norgren said the GeneChip represents an important breakthrough in monkey genomics. "Because the genes of monkeys are so similar to humans, they are the best animal to use when trying to develop new vaccines," he said. "Scientists who study AIDS should be the biggest benefactors of this GeneChip, as their research is focused on monkeys."

Howard S. Fox, M.D., Ph.D., director of NeuroAIDS Preclinical Studies at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, Calif., has used the new GeneChip and is excited about its potential. "This is a great advance for our brain research dealing with AIDS patients and HIV-dementia," he said. "The GeneChip is much more sensitive. It allows us to look at the whole genome and detect and quantify many more genes. This is especially important in brain research, since there are more genes expressed in the brain than anywhere else in the body."

The new GeneChip will allow scientists to study an oligonucleotide (a small DNA sample) microarray, which consists of a small piece of glass, only a few inches large, containing thousands of probes that can determine whether a gene is turned on or off in a particular cell. In this way, researchers can look at all of the genes in an organ at one time, something that was not possible with previous methods, Dr. Norgren said.

This allows scientists to look for patterns of expression that can clue them into what biological processes are involved in diseases, he said, which could result in new ways to help treat those diseases.

The monkey GeneChip also will help alleviate the shortage of monkeys used in research, Dr. Norgren said, as far fewer animal experiments will need to be conducted to answer scientific questions.

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