Biochemical Cascade Causes Bone Marrow Inflammation, Leading to Serious Blood Disorders

The discovery, published by the journal Cell Stem Cell, points the way to potential new strategies to treat the blood disorders and further illuminates the relationship between inflammation and cancer, said lead investigator Nadia Carlesso, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of pediatrics at the Indiana University School of Medicine.

Bone marrow includes the cells that produce the body's red and white blood system cells in a process called hematopoiesis. The marrow also provides a support system and "home" for the blood-producing cells called the hematopoietic microenvironment. The new research demonstrates the importance of the hematopoietic microenvironment in the development of a group of potentially deadly diseases called myeloproliferative disorders.

"It has been known for years that there are links between inflammation and cancer, but these studies have been challenged by the lack of genetic models, especially for blood-based malignancies," said Dr. Carlesso, a member of the hematologic malignancy and stem cell biology program within the Wells Center of Pediatric Research at IU.

The researchers focused on what happens when there are abnormally low levels of a molecule called Notch, which plays an important role in the process of blood cell production. Using a genetically modified mouse, they found that the loss of Notch function in the microenvironment causes a chain of molecular events that result in excess production of inflammatory factors.

The high levels of inflammation in the bone marrow were associated with the development of a myeloproliferative disorder in the mice. Myeloproliferative diseases in humans can result in several illnesses caused by overproduction of myeloid cells, which are normally are used to fight infections. These diseases can put patients at risk for heart attack or stroke, and frequently progress into acute leukemia and bone marrow failure, which have fatal outcomes. Unfortunately, there are no effective therapies for the majority of myeloproliferative diseases.

When Dr. Carlesso’s team blocked the activity of one of the molecules in this biochemical cascade, the myeloproliferative disorder in the mice was reversed. In addition, elevated levels of the blocked molecule were found in samples from human patients with myeloproliferative disease. These findings suggest that developing drugs that target this inflammatory reaction at different key points could be a promising strategy to limit the development of myeloproliferative disease in humans.

The molecular cascade leading to inflammation was not occurring directly in the bone marrow cells that produce blood cells, but in cells of the bone marrow microenvironment, especially in endothelial cells that line the capillaries -- tiny blood vessels -- inside the bone marrow. This was a key discovery, Dr. Carlesso said.

"This work indicates that we need to target not only the tumor cells, but also the inflammatory microenvironment that surrounds them and may contribute to their generation," she said.

“We believe that this combined strategy will be more effective in preventing myeloproliferative disease progression and transformation in acute leukemias.”

Dr. Carlesso also noted that the Notch molecule is mostly known as an oncogene -- one that can cause cancer -- and so is often targeted by therapies for other types of cancer. The new research indicates that clinicians need to be aware of the effects that reducing levels of Notch function could have on the blood development process, she said.

Dr. Carlesso also is a member of the Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center.

A short video of Dr. Carlesso discussing her work is here:http://youtu.be/q5oYaC8xm_g

Additional researchers contributing to this work were Lin Wang, Huajia Zhang, Sonia Rodriguez, Liyun Cao, Jonathan Parish, Christen Mumaw, Amy Zollman, Malgorzata M. Kamoka, Edward F. Srour, Brahmananda R. Chitteti, H. Scott Boswell, Mervin C. Yoder, Xiaolin Tu, Teresita M. Bellido Reuben Kapur and Angelo A. Cardoso, of the IU School of Medicine; Jian Mu and Danny Z. Chen of the University of Notre Dame; Harm HogenEsch of Purdue University; and Taghi Manshouri and Srdan Verstovsek of the MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Funding and support for this research was provided by the National Institutes of Health R01 HL068256, the ITRAC program at IU Simon Cancer Center, the Research Support Funds Grant at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; the Indiana Center of Excellence in Molecular Hematology (National Institutes of Health P30 DK090948), NIH HL55716 , NIH R01 CA134777 and NIH T35 HL110854-01.