“The 2011 heat wave led to significantly more emergency department visits than would be typical of that period; however, mortality rates did not change much,” said Kai Zhang, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences at UTHealth School of Public Health.
For 30 out of 31 days in August, temperatures exceeded 100 degrees in Houston. Emergency department admissions among those ages 65 and older rose by 8.9 percent during the heat wave. Studies have shown that the elderly are especially affected by excess heat.
Previous research has established that heat waves in California and Chicago led to high mortality rates and emergency department visits, especially in Chicago where a heat wave caused 692 fatalities.
“It could be that the mortality rate did not change much in Houston because 98 percent of residents had air conditioning and were acclimated to the hot weather. In Chicago, only 76 percent of residents had air conditioning, which may have been a factor for the number of heat wave-related deaths there,” said Zhang.
A health-based heat warning system may help prevent emergency department admissions in the future in Houston, Zhang says. According to the National Weather Service Houston/Galveston office, the criteria used for heat advisories is having two consecutive days with a heat index at 108 degrees or higher, either forecast or observed. Heat index is a combination of temperature and relative humidity.
“These findings could provide insights for local government agencies and communities to design better preparation to reduce adverse health effects of future heat waves,” said Charles Begley, Ph.D., co-author of the study and professor in the Department of Management, Policy & Community Health at UTHealth School of Public Health.
The research was funded by UTHealth School of Public Health. Co-authors include Tsun-Hsuan Chen, Ph.D., graduate assistant in the Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences.
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