Nerve cells or neurons work by growing axons, long fibrous projections that connect neurons and form the body’s signal transmission and communication structure. Although new neurons are born, the long axon cables that connect them do not regenerate effectively over long distances, yet they are necessary for normal function. Researchers have been working for decades to coax damaged axons to regenerate, with little success in getting enough axons to grow to the right places.
“Despite considerable progress in research and surgical techniques, treatment of peripheral nerve injury remains challenging,” said D. Kacy Cullen, PhD, assistant professor of Neurosurgery at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. “Our results demonstrate for the first time some promise for patients who experience a loss of peripheral nerve function as a result of surgery or traumatic injury, including those experienced by members of the military.”
TENGs are lab-grown nervous tissue comprised of long axonal tracts spanning neurons. The ability to generate TENGs is based upon a mechanism of axon “stretch growth” established by Douglas H. Smith, MD, Robert A. Groff Professor of Teaching and Research in Neurosurgery and director of the Center for Brain Injury and Repair at Penn. These tissues are not only similar in structure to endogenous nerves, but suitable for transplantation upon removal from custom bioreactors.
There are currently no commercially available nerve grafts capable of consistently facilitating axon regeneration across major nerve lesions, generally considered to be a loss of a nerve segment five centimeters or longer. In one of two new studies, the Penn team demonstrated the success of TENGs in driving axon regeneration across five centimeter nerve lesions in the legs of pigs (in 10 out of 10 subjects). The living TENGs were surgically attached to bridge a missing segment of nerve and were shown to accelerate the regeneration of axons, allowing a population of axons to cross the graft within five weeks. At three months, the bulk of axons had crossed the graft into the existing nerve structures opposite the lesion. Target muscle reinnervation was confirmed via an evoked hoof twitch as early as seven months following TENG repair, and over nine to eleven months post-repair there were steady increases in muscle electrical activity and muscle force generation. Microscopic examination of the regenerated nerves revealed a high density of regrown axons bridging the lesion zone and progressing the length of the repaired nerve to innervate target muscle.
In a separate study, Cullen, Smith and colleagues were able to show the value of living neurons in TENGs to maintain the pro-regenerative capacity of degenerated nerve segments, relevant for even longer peripheral nerve injuries. As time passes after injury, the nerve’s capacity for potential regeneration diminishes, so Cullen and team looked to TENGs to “babysit” the support cells – referred to as Schwann cells (SCs) – that are necessary to facilitate ultra-long distance axon regeneration. The team was able to implant living TENG neurons in a rat model of chronic axotomy – mimicking the state of nerve segments far distal from a primary nerve injury which do not see axons for the many months necessary for axons to regenerate – to prolong the pro-generative capacity of nerves.
SCs initially assumed a pro-regenerative alignment, which was maintained over two to four weeks. However, in the control group (which did not receive TENGs), this pro-regenerative structure was gradually lost, with significant degeneration seen at six to eight weeks and a complete absence of SC alignment by 16 weeks. Conversely, in animals receiving TENGs, surviving graft neurons were observed, as well as graft axon penetration into the nerves and interaction with host SCs. With TENG treatment, pro-regenerative host SCs were maintained to at least 16 weeks post-axotomy, demonstrating the promise of living axonal constructs to maintain the regenerative capacity in the distal nerve segment.
The team is currently assessing the ability of their unique tissue-engineering based bridging strategy together with their babysitting strategy in an even more challenging peripheral nerve injury model in pigs. Ultimately, the Penn research team is confident that this joint approach may provide functional recovery following currently untreatable peripheral nerve injuries, allowing full limb function and sensation to improve the quality of life for afflicted patients.
The studies were completed in collaboration with Axonia Medical, Inc., of Kalamazoo, Michigan and funded jointly by Axonia Medical and the Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Medicine. Axonia Medical was founded by Dr. Smith through PCI Ventures’ Upstart program, a virtual incubator dedicated to supporting technology commercialization within the Penn community. Since 2010, Upstart has worked with over 100 faculty and staff members to form and launch new companies based on selected inventions and innovative technologies. PCI Ventures is part of the Penn Center for Innovation (PCI), the University of Pennsylvania’s commercialization organization. Drs. Smith and Cullen are inventors on multiple patents licensed to Axonia and hold equity in the company, from which they may benefit financially. They also receive sponsored research funding from Axonia.
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Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $4.3 billion enterprise.The Perelman School of Medicine has been ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States for the past 17 years, according to U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $392 million awarded in the 2013 fiscal year.The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania -- recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; Chester County Hospital; Penn Wissahickon Hospice; and Pennsylvania Hospital -- the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Additional affiliated inpatient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region include Chestnut Hill Hospital and Good Shepherd Penn Partners, a partnership between Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Network and Penn Medicine.Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2013, Penn Medicine provided $814 million to benefit our community.
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