The researchers found high levels of a particular enzyme in melanoma samples that they believe is a driver of the cancer’s growth. The enzyme, called interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase, or ITK, has not previously been explored as a driver of solid tumors. Normally, it’s expressed in a subset of the body’s disease-fighting immune cells.
The researchers hope the findings, which were published today in the journal Clinical Cancer Research, could lead to new treatments for melanoma since, as the researchers state, one drug that can block ITK’s activity has been approved for blood cancers and others are in the pipeline for other diseases.
“We have discovered that ITK is highly expressed in melanoma even though it was thought to be restricted to immune cells, and when you inhibit it, you decrease melanoma growth,” said Nancy E. Thomas, MD, PhD, a UNC Lineberger member, the Irene and Robert Alan Briggaman Distinguished Professor in the UNC School of Medicine Department of Dermatology and the paper’s senior author. “Therefore, we think it’s a good potential drug target.”
There is a need for new treatment targets for melanoma, a deadly disease once it’s started to spread. Melanoma of the skin has a 98 percent five-year survival rate when the cancer is localized, according to data from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program. But once the cancer has spread regionally, the five-year-survival rate falls to 63 percent. And the survival rate falls to 16 percent after the cancer has spread to more distant regions.
“New therapies are needed because of the high mortality rate for metastatic melanoma, and the ability of melanomas to become resistant to many of the current therapies,” said Craig Carson, PhD, a research instructor in the UNC School of Medicine Department of Dermatology and the paper’s first author. Carson said they hope their recent finding will lead to new treatments for melanoma.
In an analysis of normal skin tissue, non-cancerous moles, and melanoma samples, researchers found that ITK was expressed at greater levels in primary and metastatic melanomas than in non-cancerous moles. In the metastatic melanoma samples, 91 percent had higher expression levels than of the non-cancerous moles.
The finding was surprising to the researchers because the ITK enzyme is typically expressed only in certain cells in the body.
“It’s only found in a subset of the immune cells,” Carson said.
ITK helps with the development of certain immune cells, the researchers say, and is involved in immune cell activation, development and production.
“The cancerous cells were packed with that protein, and it was bizarre – that’s not supposed to be there,” Thomas said. “And so, the question is, well, what is it doing there?”
They found that the gene’s expression in the melanoma cells was a driver of the cancer. When they manipulated cells in the test tube to have lower ITK expression, they found that the cells reproduced more slowly and with less movement. They also found that an experimental inhibitor of the ITK protein’s activity had the same effect on cells and slowed tumor growth in mice with melanoma.
They hope their findings will lead to development of treatments for melanoma.
“ITK has been conceived of as a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, but because ITK had not been noted in melanoma before, it has not been a target for its treatment,” Carson said. “I expect ITK to become an important therapeutic target for melanoma because of the expected minimal side effects, and the fact that ITK is found in so many of the melanomas we have investigated.”
Funded in part by the University Cancer Research Fund, the findings were the result of years of collaborative work involving multiple UNC Lineberger researchers and University of North Carolina School of Medicine departments.
The study was funded by the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the University Cancer Research Fund, the Harry J. Lloyd Charitable Trust, an UNC LCCC Development Grant, The V Foundation, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Clinical Research Fellowship, the National Center for Advancing Transnational Sciences and The Irene and Alan Briggaman Distinguished Professorship. UCRF supported, in part, work in the Mouse Phase 1 Unit and the UNC Translational Pathology Laboratory.
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