A new study from the University of Iowa finds that type 2 diabetes is overwhelmingly the most common type of diabetes diagnosed in American adults who have the disease.
The study found that 8.5 percent of American adults have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and .5 percent with type 1 diabetes. Among those who are diagnosed with diabetes, 91.2 percent have type 2 diabetes and 5.6 percent have type 1 diabetes. The study was published this month in the British Medical Journal.
Although previous survey studies have reported the rate of diabetes in the United States, the rates by diabetes subtypes—type 1 , type 2, or other type—were virtually unknown. Study lead author Wei Bao, assistant professor of epidemiology in the College of Public Health, says the results are important because it allows health care professionals and policy makers to better allocate resources to treat each type of the disease.
“These two types of diabetes differ not only by their causes, but also by their clinical manifestations and treatment strategies,” he says. Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease that typically develops in childhood. Patients with type 1 diabetes also have problems in producing insulin, and therefore they require insulin treatment for survival.
Type 2 diabetes mostly develops in adulthood and is caused by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors such as obesity, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. Type 2 diabetes is treated with lifestyle change, medication, and/or insulin.
“Type 2 diabetes can be prevented through lifestyle changes, but so far, there is no established method for preventing type 1 diabetes”, Bao says.
The study is based on data gathered by the CDC’s National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which is conducted annually by survey-takers who visit peoples’ homes and ask them about their health. Bao says the NHIS is the first and only national health survey that attempts to determine how many adults have each type of diabetes. Since 2016, survey takers started to ask respondents who had been diagnosed with diabetes if they had type 1, type 2, or other type.
Bao acknowledges that the present study has a limitation in that it relies on self-reported data from respondents, so it could be subject to reporting errors. However, he says the results provide a benchmark for future surveys to better determine the prevalence of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes in adults. In addition, this study only has data on diagnosed diabetes and could not determine the rate of undiagnosed diabetes.
Bao emphasizes the need to continue monitoring the dynamic changes of these two types of diabetes in American population. He expects more Americans to report type 2 diabetes as a result of the ongoing obesity epidemic. But he also wouldn’t be surprised if more adults have type 1 diabetes because of improved treatments that keep patients alive longer.
“Type 1 diabetes used to be lethal for children years ago and so children who had the disease had shorter lifespans,” he says. “Now, treatment has been improved to be so effective that a lot of children will survive well into adulthood.”
The study, “Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among U.S. adults in 2016 and 2017: population based study,” was first authored by Guifeng Xu of the University of Iowa College of Public Health, and co-authored by Yangbo Sun, Linda G. Snetselaar, and Yang Du of the University of Iowa College of Public Health; and Frank B. Hu of Harvard University.
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