New Study Shows Safer Methods for Stem Cell Culturing

“This is about quality control; we’re making sure these cells are safe and effective,” said Jeanne Loring, a professor of developmental neurobiology at TSRI and senior author of the study with Louise Laurent, assistant professor at UC San Diego.

Laurent added, “The processes used to maintain and expand stem cell cultures for cell replacement therapies needs to be improved, and the resulting cells carefully tested before use.”

The findings were published February 25 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE.

Growing Stem Cells

Because these human stem cells, called "pluripotent stem cells," can differentiate into many types of cells, they could be key to reversing degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, or repairing injured tissue, such as cardiac muscle after a heart attack. Stem cells are relatively rare in the body, however, so researchers must culture them in dishes.

While all cells run the risk of mutating when they divide, previous research from Loring and her colleagues suggested that stem cell culturing may select for mutations that favor faster cell growth and are sometimes associated with tumors.

“Most changes will not compromise the safety of the cells for therapy, but we need to monitor the cultures so that we know what sorts of changes take place,” said the paper’s first author Ibon Garitaonandia, a postdoctoral researcher working in Loring’s lab at the time of the study.

How to Reduce Mutations

The new research shows how certain culture conditions can reduce mutations.

Loring and her colleagues tested different combinations of substrate (the layer that the stem cells grow on) and “passaging” methods, in which researchers divide up colonies of stem cells and transfer them to new culture dishes. Some substrates included “feeder” cells that provide growth factors, while others did not. Passaging was performed manually or with special enzymes.

The team cultured stem cells continuously for over almost three years and passaged them over 100 times. Over the course of the experiment, the cells were analyzed for mutations using a method to identify changes in the genome.

In the end, the researchers found the fewest mutations in stem cells grown on a feeder layer substrate with the manual passaging method.

The study also shows the importance of monitoring cell lines over time. For example, one mutation that appeared was the deletion of TP53, a tumor suppressor gene whose absence is associated with cancer.

The take-home messages for scientists: “If you want to preserve the integrity of the genome, then grow your cells under those conditions with feeder cells and manual passaging,” said Loring. “Also, analyze your cells—it’s really easy.”

In addition to Loring, Laurent and Gariaonandia, authors of the paper, “Increased Risk of Genetic and Epigenetic Instability in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Associated with Specific Culture Conditions,” were Gerald K. Wambua, Heather L Schultheisz, Shannon Waltz, Yu-Chieh Wang, Ha Tran, Kristopher Nazor, Ileana Slavin, Candace Lynch and Ron Coleman of TSRI; Karen Sabatini, Francesca S. Boscolo, Trevor R. Leonardo and Gulsah Altun of TSRI and the University of California, San Diego; Irene Gallego Romero of the University of Chicago; David Reynolds and Steve Dalton of the University of Georgia, Athens; and Hadar Amir, Robert Morey, Mana Parast and Yingchun Li of the University of California, San Diego.

This research was supported by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (grants CL1-00502, RT1-01108, TR1-01250, RM1-01717, TB1-01193, TG2-01165), the National Institutes of Health (grants R33MH087925, P01GM085354, P01HL089471), the University of California, San Diego Department of Reproductive Medicine, the Hartwell Foundation, the Millipore Foundation, the Esther O’Keefe Foundation, the Marie Mayer Foundation, Autism Speaks, the Pew Charitable Trust and the Wellcome Trust.

About The Scripps Research Institute

The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) is one of the world's largest independent, not-for-profit organizations focusing on research in the biomedical sciences. TSRI is internationally recognized for its contributions to science and health, including its role in laying the foundation for new treatments for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, and other diseases. An institution that evolved from the Scripps Metabolic Clinic founded by philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps in 1924, the institute now employs about 3,000 people on its campuses in La Jolla, CA, and Jupiter, FL, where its renowned scientists—including two Nobel laureates—work toward their next discoveries. The institute's graduate program, which awards PhD degrees in biology and chemistry, ranks among the top ten of its kind in the nation. For more information, see www.scripps.edu.