Cells can move as a collective or independently. Movement of an individual cell requires a series of carefully controlled steps. Among them, a cell must break contacts with its neighbor cells and change its connections to the proteins and fibers around it. In addition, it must sense and follow a chemical path through the tissue it lies in. To do this, a cell changes shape, molding its membrane into flaps or feet called protrusions reaching in the direction it is traveling. Actin, among a variety of other molecules, is involved in all of these steps, but especially the shape change, when it gathers inside the cell membrane to help form the protrusions.
Cancer cells seem adept at hijacking this orchestrated system and using it to first detach themselves from the original tumor, then travel through surrounding tissues and reach the blood, where the cells can disperse throughout the body and invade other organs to start new tumors. Scientists searching for ways to disrupt this overall process without harming normal cells study the proteins involved in every step, looking for unusual proteins or patterns that might prove useful as targets for new medicines.
Actin itself is integral to too many cellular processes to make a good target, but the molecules that regulate actin dynamics during cell movement—or maybe even master molecules that are higher in the chain of command—could prove more useful.
Researchers can identify differences in actin regulation between normal and cancerous cells to help clarify the best approaches to treatment.
This image is one of many stunning scientific images in our Life:Magnified collection. Other NIGMS stories featuring images from this collection include:
An Insider’s Look at Life: Magnified, an Airport Exhibit of Stunning Microscopy Images
Cool Images: A Halloween-Inspired Cell Collection
Cool Images: An Independence Day-Inspired Collection
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